This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It covers:
1) The DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media, including DVB-T for terrestrial, DVB-S for satellite, and DVB-C for cable. These share source coding/compression and service multiplexing standards.
2) STBs will be needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. Affordable STBs are key for digital TV adoption. Common standards help lower STB costs through economies of scale.
3) "Open architecture" and "interoperability" mean the STB functionality is defined by public standards and can receive services across networks, respectively. The
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It explains that DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media all use identical source coding and service multiplexing based on MPEG-2, while using optimized channel coding for each medium. STBs are needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. The document discusses how open architectures and interoperability across networks can help reduce STB costs. It provides an overview of typical STB components and architecture.
Video Compression, Part 3-Section 2, Some Standard Video CodecsDr. Mohieddin Moradi
This document discusses MPEG-2 Transport Streams and Packetized Elementary Streams. It describes how MPEG-2 Transport Streams use fixed length 188 byte packets containing compressed video, audio or data from one or more programs identified by Packet IDs. These packets can contain Packetized Elementary Stream packets which contain compressed elementary streams with timestamps for synchronization. The document also discusses how Transport Streams allow for synchronous multiplexing of multiple programs from independent time bases into a single stream.
Small form factor cognitive radio implemented via fpga partial reconfiguratio...Roberto Uribeetxeberria
This document describes a cognitive radio system implemented on an FPGA that can replace a wired video transmission system. Key points:
- The system senses the availability of the wireless transmission channel and can change its intermediate frequency based on channel conditions using FPGA partial reconfiguration.
- It implements an OQPSK modulation scheme and was designed using Xilinx System Generator rapid prototyping tools.
- The transmitter acquires video streaming data, modulates it using OQPSK, and upconverts it to either a 5MHz or 10MHz intermediate frequency depending on channel availability.
- The receiver searches for the signal power, reconfigures to the target frequency, performs synchronization and demodulation, and outputs the
The EQM 008 is a compact edge QAM device that can provide 8 QAM channels for video distribution at the edge of a network. It accepts up to 8 MPEG transport streams over IP and outputs a modulated RF signal between 47MHz-1GHz to feed a local cable network. Key features include IP input via Gigabit Ethernet, support for 32-256 QAM modulation, and integrated web server for configuration and monitoring via SNMP. It is designed for small installations like communities or campuses requiring localized content distribution.
The document discusses several topics related to digital broadcasting systems including:
1. DAB architecture and DVB container which are used for digital audio/video broadcasting over different mediums.
2. Unidirectional distribution systems which have limitations due to asymmetric bandwidth but can optimize transmissions through techniques like cyclic repetition.
3. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) standards which use COFDM to transmit multiple audio and data services over radio frequencies with high quality and robustness.
The document provides information about baseband transmission in digital communication. It discusses various concepts related to baseband transmission including: pulse code modulation (PCM) systems, source encoding, sampling, quantization, channel encoding, digital modulation, and line coding techniques such as NRZ and RZ. The key steps in baseband transmission are described as: converting the analog signal to digital using sampling and quantization, encoding the digital signal, modulating the encoded digital signal to transmit over the channel, and demodulating and decoding at the receiver to reconstruct the original analog signal.
This document provides information on the DRP 393 DVB MPEG-4 Receiver/Decoder. It can receive digital TV program streams encoded in MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 via various inputs like ASI, L-Band, DVB-T/T2, DVB-C, or IP. It decodes the streams and outputs a transport stream and video/audio signals. It supports decrypting encrypted channels via two Common Interfaces for Conditional Access Modules. Controls and monitoring are available via the front panel display, web server, and test ports.
The document discusses the differences between SDH and PDH, as well as key aspects of SDH. SDH provides higher transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s, simplified add and drop functions, high availability and capacity matching, reliability, and is a future-proof platform for new services compared to PDH. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing where data from multiple sources is byte interleaved at fixed locations in the frame. This allows single channels to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as required in PDH.
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It explains that DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media all use identical source coding and service multiplexing based on MPEG-2, while using optimized channel coding for each medium. STBs are needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. The document discusses how open architectures and interoperability across networks can help reduce STB costs. It provides an overview of typical STB components and architecture.
Video Compression, Part 3-Section 2, Some Standard Video CodecsDr. Mohieddin Moradi
This document discusses MPEG-2 Transport Streams and Packetized Elementary Streams. It describes how MPEG-2 Transport Streams use fixed length 188 byte packets containing compressed video, audio or data from one or more programs identified by Packet IDs. These packets can contain Packetized Elementary Stream packets which contain compressed elementary streams with timestamps for synchronization. The document also discusses how Transport Streams allow for synchronous multiplexing of multiple programs from independent time bases into a single stream.
Small form factor cognitive radio implemented via fpga partial reconfiguratio...Roberto Uribeetxeberria
This document describes a cognitive radio system implemented on an FPGA that can replace a wired video transmission system. Key points:
- The system senses the availability of the wireless transmission channel and can change its intermediate frequency based on channel conditions using FPGA partial reconfiguration.
- It implements an OQPSK modulation scheme and was designed using Xilinx System Generator rapid prototyping tools.
- The transmitter acquires video streaming data, modulates it using OQPSK, and upconverts it to either a 5MHz or 10MHz intermediate frequency depending on channel availability.
- The receiver searches for the signal power, reconfigures to the target frequency, performs synchronization and demodulation, and outputs the
The EQM 008 is a compact edge QAM device that can provide 8 QAM channels for video distribution at the edge of a network. It accepts up to 8 MPEG transport streams over IP and outputs a modulated RF signal between 47MHz-1GHz to feed a local cable network. Key features include IP input via Gigabit Ethernet, support for 32-256 QAM modulation, and integrated web server for configuration and monitoring via SNMP. It is designed for small installations like communities or campuses requiring localized content distribution.
The document discusses several topics related to digital broadcasting systems including:
1. DAB architecture and DVB container which are used for digital audio/video broadcasting over different mediums.
2. Unidirectional distribution systems which have limitations due to asymmetric bandwidth but can optimize transmissions through techniques like cyclic repetition.
3. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) standards which use COFDM to transmit multiple audio and data services over radio frequencies with high quality and robustness.
The document provides information about baseband transmission in digital communication. It discusses various concepts related to baseband transmission including: pulse code modulation (PCM) systems, source encoding, sampling, quantization, channel encoding, digital modulation, and line coding techniques such as NRZ and RZ. The key steps in baseband transmission are described as: converting the analog signal to digital using sampling and quantization, encoding the digital signal, modulating the encoded digital signal to transmit over the channel, and demodulating and decoding at the receiver to reconstruct the original analog signal.
This document provides information on the DRP 393 DVB MPEG-4 Receiver/Decoder. It can receive digital TV program streams encoded in MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 via various inputs like ASI, L-Band, DVB-T/T2, DVB-C, or IP. It decodes the streams and outputs a transport stream and video/audio signals. It supports decrypting encrypted channels via two Common Interfaces for Conditional Access Modules. Controls and monitoring are available via the front panel display, web server, and test ports.
The document discusses the differences between SDH and PDH, as well as key aspects of SDH. SDH provides higher transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s, simplified add and drop functions, high availability and capacity matching, reliability, and is a future-proof platform for new services compared to PDH. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing where data from multiple sources is byte interleaved at fixed locations in the frame. This allows single channels to be dropped from the data stream without demultiplexing intermediate rates as required in PDH.
The document summarizes the B-NOVA modular headend platform from BLANKOM Digital. It is a compact and scalable platform for cable TV and IPTV networks. The B-NOVA chassis has 6 module slots that can each hold different processing and interface modules, allowing the platform to scale from a single chassis to a larger multi-chassis system. It offers benefits like low power consumption, efficient space usage, and flexibility to support new modules.
Set-top boxes integrate video and audio decoding with a multimedia application environment to provide personalized multimedia services and cable TV through a user-friendly interface. While multimedia computers are more versatile and expensive, set-top boxes are inexpensive limited-functionality devices primarily for entertainment. Digital video networks need high bandwidth delivery to homes with low bandwidth bidirectional communication for interaction between users and providers. Set-top box hardware and software architectures integrate components to decode video, run applications, and provide a uniform interface for interactivity and access to services.
The document discusses using an ADSP processor to generate 3D images. It describes how the generated image can be rotated in three axes using the processor's assembly instruction set flexibility. X, Y coordinates of the image are input and used to generate deflection signals that control DACs and produce the image on a CRT. The system loads a program from boot memory on reset to execute the image generation program.
The document discusses the transition from analog to digital television and the benefits this brings such as improved picture and sound quality, increased channel capacity, and more flexible access across different devices. It also covers digital compression technologies like MPEG that make digital TV transmission over broadcast and broadband networks possible. Finally, it discusses new opportunities for interactive and on-demand services with IPTV and convergence of TV with the internet.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and provides details on:
1. SDH frame structure including section overhead, path overhead, pointer, and information payload areas.
2. SDH multiplexing methods allowing lower rate signals like E1, E3, E4 to be mapped and multiplexed into higher rate SDH frames like STM-1, STM-4.
3. Overhead bytes including framing bytes A1/A2, data communications channel bytes D1-D12, orderwire bytes E1/E2, parity check bytes B1/B2, and remote error indication byte M1.
The document outlines topics related to video over IP infrastructure and standards. It discusses IP technology trends, networking basics, video and audio over IP standards, SMPTE ST 2110, NMOS, infrastructure considerations, timing issues, clean switching methods, compression, broadcast controller/orchestration, and case studies for migrating broadcast facilities to IP. The document provides an overview and outline for presenting on designing, integrating, and managing IP-based broadcast facilities and production workflows.
PDH and SDH are digital multiplexing techniques. PDH uses asynchronous multiplexing and operates over asynchronous networks, applying positive justification. It allows tributary clocks to differ slightly. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing and operates over synchronous networks, applying zero justification. Tributary clocks must be synchronized to a master clock. SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by establishing a international standard to replace the different PDH standards.
This document summarizes the development of a mobile locationing system using video, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and a wireless network. The system was developed using a BeagleBoard-XM embedded platform connected to a 3G network. Video from a camera was compressed on the DSP of the BeagleBoard and transmitted over the wireless network. An IMU provided positioning data that was sent over the network. Testing showed the system could estimate positions and stream video while drawing between 698-1.16 amps of current depending on whether video compression used the ARM or DSP processors. Future work includes displaying trajectories, power optimization, using MQTT protocols, and casing design.
Design and Implementation of HDMI TransmitterIJERA Editor
The High-Definition Multimedia Interface is provided for transmitting digital television audio-visual signals from DVD players, set-top boxes and other audio-visual sources to television sets, projectors and other video displays. HDMI is used in various real time applications for transmitting and receiving audio-visual Signals. A transaction level model of HDMI Transmitter is designed by using System Verilog. Transaction Level Modeling methodologies promote the growth of System Level Description Language. This paper presents a HDMI Transmitter Transaction Level Modeling Design which can be used to easily transform to HDL descriptions for subsequent RTL (Register Transfer Level) Design
15 selected topics for e-learning technologies (dtv)宥均 林
This document provides an overview of digital TV technologies and standards. It discusses digital TV receivers and their main components, including tuners, demultiplexers, MPEG decoders, CPUs, and conditional access modules. It also covers digital TV standards like ATSC, DVB, and ISDB, comparing their features and profiles. The document aims to introduce readers to key concepts in digital TV systems and technologies.
The document provides an overview of digital video technology and training. It discusses how digital video signals are transmitted using TMDS links and encoded/decoded. It covers different color space options, video bandwidth calculations, digital eye diagrams, and how transport medium affects digital video. The course outlines concepts like EDID, HDCP, and troubleshooting tools. It aims to help students understand digital video signaling, connectors, encoding/decoding, bandwidth requirements, and troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) including its introduction, components, frame structure, and applications. SDH was developed to provide a standardized digital transmission network with vendor independence. It uses optical fiber to enable end-to-end monitoring and self-healing ring architectures for survivability. The SDH frame structure consists of sections for transport overhead (TOH), path overhead (POH), and payloads. SDH supports multiplexing of various signals like E1, DS1, and STM streams. It allows dynamic bandwidth allocation and is a platform for future services.
1. The document discusses dual band network features, including how additional frequency bands are used and the architecture of a dual band network.
2. It describes the direct access to desired layer/band (DADL/B) mechanism which allows allocation of traffic channels from another frequency band when the serving cell is overloaded.
3. Traffic management techniques for dual band networks are discussed, including adjacent cell priorities, load factors, and the DADL/B functionality for triggering handovers between bands during call setup.
This document discusses parameter planning for Nokia Siemens Networks' BSS (Base Station System) equipment. It outlines the objectives of understanding the BSS managed object hierarchy, looking up parameter values and defaults, and identifying changes in parameters between software releases. It provides an example of a parameter from the dictionary and describes general, feature, and BSC control parameter files.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
1) Reed-Solomon codes are a type of error-correcting code invented in 1960 that can detect and correct multiple symbol errors. They work by encoding data into redundant symbols that can be used to detect and locate errors.
2) Reed-Solomon codes are particularly good at correcting burst errors, where a block of symbols are corrupted together by noise. Even if an entire block of bits is corrupted, the code can still correct the errors by replacing the corrupted symbol.
3) The error correction capability of Reed-Solomon codes increases with larger block sizes, as noise is averaged over more symbols. However, implementing Reed-Solomon codes also becomes more complex with higher redundancy.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
The document summarizes the B-NOVA modular headend platform from BLANKOM Digital. It is a compact and scalable platform for cable TV and IPTV networks. The B-NOVA chassis has 6 module slots that can each hold different processing and interface modules, allowing the platform to scale from a single chassis to a larger multi-chassis system. It offers benefits like low power consumption, efficient space usage, and flexibility to support new modules.
Set-top boxes integrate video and audio decoding with a multimedia application environment to provide personalized multimedia services and cable TV through a user-friendly interface. While multimedia computers are more versatile and expensive, set-top boxes are inexpensive limited-functionality devices primarily for entertainment. Digital video networks need high bandwidth delivery to homes with low bandwidth bidirectional communication for interaction between users and providers. Set-top box hardware and software architectures integrate components to decode video, run applications, and provide a uniform interface for interactivity and access to services.
The document discusses using an ADSP processor to generate 3D images. It describes how the generated image can be rotated in three axes using the processor's assembly instruction set flexibility. X, Y coordinates of the image are input and used to generate deflection signals that control DACs and produce the image on a CRT. The system loads a program from boot memory on reset to execute the image generation program.
The document discusses the transition from analog to digital television and the benefits this brings such as improved picture and sound quality, increased channel capacity, and more flexible access across different devices. It also covers digital compression technologies like MPEG that make digital TV transmission over broadcast and broadband networks possible. Finally, it discusses new opportunities for interactive and on-demand services with IPTV and convergence of TV with the internet.
The document discusses Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and provides details on:
1. SDH frame structure including section overhead, path overhead, pointer, and information payload areas.
2. SDH multiplexing methods allowing lower rate signals like E1, E3, E4 to be mapped and multiplexed into higher rate SDH frames like STM-1, STM-4.
3. Overhead bytes including framing bytes A1/A2, data communications channel bytes D1-D12, orderwire bytes E1/E2, parity check bytes B1/B2, and remote error indication byte M1.
The document outlines topics related to video over IP infrastructure and standards. It discusses IP technology trends, networking basics, video and audio over IP standards, SMPTE ST 2110, NMOS, infrastructure considerations, timing issues, clean switching methods, compression, broadcast controller/orchestration, and case studies for migrating broadcast facilities to IP. The document provides an overview and outline for presenting on designing, integrating, and managing IP-based broadcast facilities and production workflows.
PDH and SDH are digital multiplexing techniques. PDH uses asynchronous multiplexing and operates over asynchronous networks, applying positive justification. It allows tributary clocks to differ slightly. SDH uses synchronous multiplexing and operates over synchronous networks, applying zero justification. Tributary clocks must be synchronized to a master clock. SDH was developed to simplify interconnection between network operators and expand compatibility by establishing a international standard to replace the different PDH standards.
This document summarizes the development of a mobile locationing system using video, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), and a wireless network. The system was developed using a BeagleBoard-XM embedded platform connected to a 3G network. Video from a camera was compressed on the DSP of the BeagleBoard and transmitted over the wireless network. An IMU provided positioning data that was sent over the network. Testing showed the system could estimate positions and stream video while drawing between 698-1.16 amps of current depending on whether video compression used the ARM or DSP processors. Future work includes displaying trajectories, power optimization, using MQTT protocols, and casing design.
Design and Implementation of HDMI TransmitterIJERA Editor
The High-Definition Multimedia Interface is provided for transmitting digital television audio-visual signals from DVD players, set-top boxes and other audio-visual sources to television sets, projectors and other video displays. HDMI is used in various real time applications for transmitting and receiving audio-visual Signals. A transaction level model of HDMI Transmitter is designed by using System Verilog. Transaction Level Modeling methodologies promote the growth of System Level Description Language. This paper presents a HDMI Transmitter Transaction Level Modeling Design which can be used to easily transform to HDL descriptions for subsequent RTL (Register Transfer Level) Design
15 selected topics for e-learning technologies (dtv)宥均 林
This document provides an overview of digital TV technologies and standards. It discusses digital TV receivers and their main components, including tuners, demultiplexers, MPEG decoders, CPUs, and conditional access modules. It also covers digital TV standards like ATSC, DVB, and ISDB, comparing their features and profiles. The document aims to introduce readers to key concepts in digital TV systems and technologies.
The document provides an overview of digital video technology and training. It discusses how digital video signals are transmitted using TMDS links and encoded/decoded. It covers different color space options, video bandwidth calculations, digital eye diagrams, and how transport medium affects digital video. The course outlines concepts like EDID, HDCP, and troubleshooting tools. It aims to help students understand digital video signaling, connectors, encoding/decoding, bandwidth requirements, and troubleshooting.
This document provides an overview of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) including its introduction, components, frame structure, and applications. SDH was developed to provide a standardized digital transmission network with vendor independence. It uses optical fiber to enable end-to-end monitoring and self-healing ring architectures for survivability. The SDH frame structure consists of sections for transport overhead (TOH), path overhead (POH), and payloads. SDH supports multiplexing of various signals like E1, DS1, and STM streams. It allows dynamic bandwidth allocation and is a platform for future services.
1. The document discusses dual band network features, including how additional frequency bands are used and the architecture of a dual band network.
2. It describes the direct access to desired layer/band (DADL/B) mechanism which allows allocation of traffic channels from another frequency band when the serving cell is overloaded.
3. Traffic management techniques for dual band networks are discussed, including adjacent cell priorities, load factors, and the DADL/B functionality for triggering handovers between bands during call setup.
This document discusses parameter planning for Nokia Siemens Networks' BSS (Base Station System) equipment. It outlines the objectives of understanding the BSS managed object hierarchy, looking up parameter values and defaults, and identifying changes in parameters between software releases. It provides an example of a parameter from the dictionary and describes general, feature, and BSC control parameter files.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
1) Reed-Solomon codes are a type of error-correcting code invented in 1960 that can detect and correct multiple symbol errors. They work by encoding data into redundant symbols that can be used to detect and locate errors.
2) Reed-Solomon codes are particularly good at correcting burst errors, where a block of symbols are corrupted together by noise. Even if an entire block of bits is corrupted, the code can still correct the errors by replacing the corrupted symbol.
3) The error correction capability of Reed-Solomon codes increases with larger block sizes, as noise is averaged over more symbols. However, implementing Reed-Solomon codes also becomes more complex with higher redundancy.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip's integrated features allow for low cost and small size STB designs for cable or terrestrial networks.
This document discusses the basics of BISS scrambling. It describes BISS mode 1, which uses a session word, and BISS mode E, which encrypts the session word using an identifier and encryption algorithm. BISS mode E provides an additional layer of protection for transmitting the session word. The document also covers calculating the encrypted session word, using buried and injected identifiers, and how to operate scramblers in the different BISS modes.
The RSA cryptosystem document discusses:
1) The RSA cryptosystem uses a public and private key to encrypt and decrypt messages based on large prime number factorization.
2) An example is provided where a message is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key.
3) The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, as factorization algorithms take exponential time relative to the number of bits.
This document discusses image compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). It develops simple Mathematica functions to compute the 1D and 2D DCT. The 1D DCT transforms a list of real numbers into elementary frequency components. It is computed via matrix multiplication or using the discrete Fourier transform with twiddle factors. The 2D DCT applies the 1D DCT to rows and then columns of an image, making it separable. These functions illustrate how Mathematica can be used to prototype image processing algorithms.
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
1) The document discusses quantization and pulse code modulation (PCM) in voice signal encoding. PCM assigns 256 possible values to digitally represent analog voice samples, divided into chords and steps on a linear scale.
2) A logarithmic quantization scale is better than a linear one for voice signals, as it allocates more quantization steps to lower amplitudes prevalent in speech. This "compressed encoding" improves fidelity.
3) Quantization error occurs when samples with different amplitudes are assigned the same digital value, distorting the reconstructed waveform. Compression helps maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio especially for low amplitudes.
Dani Pedrosa won the MotoGP race at Laguna Seca, finishing just 0.344 seconds ahead of Valentino Rossi in second and 1.926 seconds ahead of Jorge Lorenzo in third. Casey Stoner finished fourth, over 12 seconds behind Pedrosa. There were several crashes during the race, with Andrea Dovizioso, Sete Gibernau, and Gabor Talmacsi all falling out of contention. James Toseland received a ride through penalty for a jump start.
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
The document provides implementation guidelines for using the DVB Simulcrypt standard, including describing the architecture and protocols, clarifying differences between protocol versions, explaining state diagrams and behaviors, and providing recommendations for error handling, redundancy management, and custom signaling profiles to facilitate reliable and efficient Simulcrypt headend implementation.
The document provides an overview of MPEG-4, a standard that offers both advanced audio and video codecs as well as tools for combining multimedia such as audio, video, graphics and interactivity. It was developed through an open international process to select the best technologies. MPEG-4 codecs like AVC and AAC provide high compression efficiency, having been adopted for HDTV, mobile video, and digital music. Its rich media tools allow interactive experiences combining different media types.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for improved transmission performance, achieving up to a 30% increase in capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for backwards compatibility with DVB-S receivers and uses adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for different users and conditions. It provides high flexibility to work with different input streams, modulation schemes, and satellite transponder characteristics.
This document discusses service information (SI) in DVB systems, specifically the discontinuity information section. It provides packet syntax diagrams for an MPEG-2 transport stream, the network information section, service description section, and bouquet association section, which are used to deliver metadata about available TV and radio channels and services. It also includes the syntax for a discontinuity information section, which is used to signal discontinuities in MPEG program streams that are caused by operations like splicing.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Professional Develop...Jim Jenkins
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering course sampler. This three-day course is designed for satellite communications engineers, spacecraft engineers, and managers who want to obtain an understanding of the "big picture" of satellite communications. Each topic is illustrated by detailed worked numerical examples, using published data for actual satellite communications systems. The course is technically oriented and includes mathematical derivations of the fundamental equations. It will enable the participants to perform their own satellite link budget calculations. The course will especially appeal to those whose objective is to develop quantitative computational skills in addition to obtaining a qualitative familiarity with the basic concepts.
The document summarizes the structural and functional units of the EWSD digital telephone exchange. It describes the key components including the Digital Line Unit (DLU), Line Trunk Group (LTG), Switching Network (SN), and Coordination Processor (CP). It explains that the DLU interfaces with subscriber lines and provides functions like ring generation. The LTG interfaces the digital environment with the switching network and performs routing. The SN performs the switching of connections using time and space stages. The CP controls call processing, maintenance, and other core exchange functions through various processor modules.
This document provides an overview of digital television (DTV) standards and technologies. It discusses:
1. The DVB standard architecture and key components like MPEG transport streams.
2. Video and audio coding standards used in DTV like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and H.264.
3. The ATSC digital television standard developed in the United States, including its use of 8-VSB modulation, forward error correction techniques, and the "cliff effect" in reception.
1. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company that provides telecom services across India.
2. BSNL provides various telecom services including wireless, broadband, internet, and landline services using technologies like GSM, CDMA, MPLS, VSAT, and VOIP.
3. When a subscriber makes a call, the request first goes to the nearest telephone exchange. The exchange processes the numbers and sets up the call either within its switching network or by transferring the call to other exchanges as needed.
The document describes the design and development of an RDS (Radio Data System) encoder that the author worked on from 2011-2012 at TAKTA Company. Some key points:
- The RDS encoder allows digital information like time, advertising, and text messages to be transmitted alongside FM radio broadcasts.
- The author's role included designing circuits and programming, assembling prototypes, testing, and managing the project.
- Technical specifications of the RDS encoder include supporting all RDS groups and protocols, interfaces for serial, TCP/IP, and I/O, and features for transmitting information like station name, program type, radio text, and traffic messages.
The document discusses Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) tuners for satellite receivers. VCM allows a transponder to transmit multiple transport streams, with each stream able to use different error correction coding rates. This provides flexibility to prioritize streams, such as transmitting premium HD channels with weaker error correction only in the center of the satellite footprint. A VCM tuner can receive these signals by determining the coding rates of each stream. The tuner's architecture is similar to conventional tuners but includes additional components to process the multiple streams and their varying coding rates transmitted by VCM.
The document discusses Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) in DVB-S2 satellite transmissions. VCM allows a single transponder to transmit multiple transport streams, with each stream using a different modulation type and forward error correction rate. This makes it possible to provide stronger error correction for basic channels while using weaker correction for premium channels. A VCM-compatible tuner can determine the coding rates being used and properly demodulate the different streams. This provides more flexible use of satellite bandwidth than conventional systems with a single coding scheme per transponder.
This document tests and reviews the DVB-S PCI Sat Card from DVB-Shop Technotrend called the S1500 Budget, plus CI for use with Windows Media Center Edition 2005. The card installed easily and allowed the user to receive satellite channels through Windows MCE 2005 by mapping virtual DVB-T channels to satellite transponders. Some additional configuration of BDA drivers was required. Overall, the card provides a robust and easy-to-handle solution for adding satellite reception to Windows MCE 2005 PCs, though it could still be improved with smoother BDA drivers.
Khalid sarwar working principle of zte exchange 2014PTCL
The document describes the modules and architecture of the ZTE ZXJ10 digital switching exchange system. It has several modules including the peripheral switching module (PSM), remote switching module (RSM), message switching module (MSM), central switching network module (SNM), and operation and maintenance module (OMM). The PSM manages subscriber lines and call handling. The modular design allows for scalability and flexibility to support different capacities. The system uses an active-standby design for reliability.
This document provides an introduction to digital set-top boxes (STBs). It defines an STB as a device that connects to an external signal source and decodes the signal into content that can be displayed on a TV. STBs are categorized based on their source (cable, satellite, IP) and recording capabilities. The document outlines the various stakeholders in the STB business, including OEMs, chipset vendors, middleware providers, operators, and more. It provides a generic overview of STB software architecture and data flow, explaining how broadcast signals are received, decrypted, decoded, and output to displays. Common STB hardware components like tuners, memory, connectivity ports, and peripherals are also listed.
Mobile Communication Broadcast System Jochen SchillerSonali Chauhan
Unidirectional broadcast systems like radio and television distribute information to many users regardless of individual needs. As these systems transition to digital formats, they will be able to transmit multimedia content like audio, video and images at low cost alongside traditional broadcasts. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and other techniques to transmit digital signals by radio.
1) The document discusses the high-level syntax of HEVC, including the video parameter set (VPS), sequence parameter set (SPS), and picture parameter set (PPS).
2) It describes the bitstream structure and how VPS, SPS, PPS, and slice data are organized in network abstraction layer (NAL) units.
3) Key coding units like coding tree blocks (CTBs), coding blocks (CBs), and coding units (CUs) are defined, as well as the quadtree partitioning syntax used in HEVC.
Cdot Max ng architecture working modelsRahmanScholar
This document provides an overview of CDOT's MAX NG system and the migration from the existing MAX system. The key points are:
1. MAX NG features a distributed architecture with centralized control and uses software to provide enhanced services like video calling. This reduces infrastructure costs and makes upgrades simpler.
2. Migrating the MAX system involves converting line and trunk interfaces to VoIP gateways, moving switching functions to an external softswitch, and replacing internal media paths with IP.
3. The MAX NG architecture consists of a core network for service delivery and an access network of upgraded MAX exchanges. The core uses softswitches and other servers while the access uses Line Access Gateway Units and a Central Access
The document discusses media VoIP protocols and technologies. It provides an overview of:
- RTP and RTCP protocols for transporting audio and video over IP networks. RTP provides sequencing and time stamping while RTCP provides quality feedback.
- Common audio and video codecs like G.711, H.261, H.263 that are used to compress media.
- Mechanisms for mixing and translating streams to connect networks of different capabilities.
- DTMF signaling which can be carried in-band or out-of-band using SIP INFO.
Analysis and Implementation of Encapsulation Schemes for Baseband Frame of D...Ahmed Ayman
This document outlines different encapsulation schemes for transferring IP datagrams over DVB-S and DVB-S2 satellite networks. It describes Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MPE), Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE), and Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE). MPE is the standard method to carry IP packets over MPEG-2 transport streams. ULE was developed to eliminate unnecessary overhead in MPE. GSE provides efficient encapsulation of IP datagrams over variable length layer 2 packets and supports multiple protocols. The document also discusses a hardware implementation of a DVB-S2 modulator using a ZedBoard with a dual-core ARM processor and hardware designs. It concludes that G
Introduction to Video Compression Techniques - Anurag JainVideoguy
The document provides an overview of video compression techniques and standards. It discusses the motivation for video compression to reduce data sizes for storage and transmission. It then reviews several key video compression standards including H.261, H.263, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264 and others. For each standard, it summarizes the goals, features, applications and technical details like motion compensation methods, block sizes, and bitrate ranges.
Global eReload Services Pvt Ltd - DTH TV -Transmission and Reception - Global eReload Services Pvt Ltd is the most reliable online mobile & DTH recharge service provider in India. You can join us and start recharging all service providers' mobiles and all DTH services using a single mobile number.
SVQM analyzes RTP video packets traversing an IP network and derives measurement reports that highly correlate to end-user perceived video quality. It works by evaluating each packet loss's impact on the structural integrity of the H.264 encoded video sequence. SVQM provides metrics such as damaged video frame counts, video MOS scores, and other values that better indicate actual user-perceived quality compared to basic RTP statistics.
This document provides an overview of baseband radio transmission and digital signal processing techniques. It describes the key functions performed in baseband processing including analog to digital conversion, digital speech coding, channel coding and error correction, modulation and demodulation, multiplexing and multiple access, and digital signal processing. Standardization bodies and industry contributors that support wireless technologies are also acknowledged.
This document describes the measurement configurations and procedures for DAB receiver testing using National Instruments PXI Vector Signal Generators and MaxEye DAB/DABPlus/T-DMB Signal Generation software.
The document discusses JTAG and boundary scan testing standards. It describes how JTAG allows complete control and observation of boundary pins via software to enable in-circuit testing without bed-of-nails equipment. Boundary scan Flash programming has advantages over other techniques like limited impact on design and ability to program in field. However, programming time is affected by factors like scan operations, path length, clock frequency, data amount, and burn time. The document also discusses AC97 audio codec standards and the JPEG image compression standard.
The Event Logger monitors and logs Digital Program Insertion (DPI) messages to verify correct transmission of signals via satellite. It watches for configured GPI state changes that indicate an expected DPI message. If the message is received on time, it is logged as a matched event. If not received on time, it is flagged as missed. The Event Logger also decodes DPI messages to help diagnose issues, and is compatible with various encoding systems. It has 6 ASI inputs, 108 GPI sensors, and logs data in real-time and for archiving.
Euler's theorem states that for any plane graph, the number of vertices (v) minus the number of edges (e) plus the number of faces (f) equals 2. The document proves this theorem by considering a minimal tree (T) within the graph and its dual tree (D), showing that the number of edges of T and D sum to the total edges (e) of the original graph. Some applications of the theorem are that any plane graph contains an edge of degree 5 or higher and any finite set of points not all on a line contains a line with exactly two points.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
The document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes the three processes of A/D conversion as sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Quantization involves mapping amplitude values into a set of discrete values using a quantization interval or step size. The document discusses uniform quantization and how the quantization levels are determined. It also covers non-uniform quantization and provides examples and MATLAB code demonstrations of audio signal quantization.
This document provides the European standard for the frame structure, channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2). It defines the system architecture and specifications for input processing, bit-interleaved coding and modulation, data slice packet generation, layer 1 part 2 signalling, frame building, and OFDM generation. The standard aims to provide improved performance for cable systems over the existing DVB-C standard.
This document discusses Euler's formula, which relates the number of vertices (V), edges (E), and faces (P) of a polyhedron. Through experimenting with attaching polygons and bending shapes, students derive the formula V - E + P = 2 for polyhedra. Removing a face shows the formula still holds, revealing why it is true for any polyhedron. Students learn the formula can distinguish polyhedra from other 3D shapes by calculating the Euler characteristic V - E + P.
This document provides an introduction to Reed-Solomon codes, which are word-oriented, non-binary BCH codes that are simple, robust, and perform well for burst errors. Reed-Solomon codes use Galois field techniques to encode data into blocks of length 2^m - 1 by adding 2t parity check words, allowing the correction of t errors. The encoding and decoding procedures make use of a generator polynomial, Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, Chien search, and Forney algorithm. Future work may include more flexible generator polynomials or converting C54x codes to C55x codes.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the given document on video compression:
The document discusses video compression algorithms used in standards like MPEG, explaining how video compression works through motion estimation, discrete cosine transformation, quantization, and entropy coding to reduce file sizes. It analyzes the tradeoff between compression ratio and quality, and provides details on common video compression standards and their applications. The MPEG standards are described in particular detail, outlining the different frame types and compression steps used to remove spatial and temporal redundancies from video for more efficient storage and transmission.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and fundamentals for learning Linux, including:
- Details on Linux distributions like Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE and their licensing models.
- A brief history of open source software development and benefits of the open source model.
- How to log into a Linux system, basics of the shell, command line navigation, and file management.
- Key topics covered include files/directories, permissions, and redirection.
- Information on Linux certification programs.
- Setup instructions for a Linux emulator for the fundamentals course.
This document discusses three methods for reducing bitrates in digital video transmission: time-shifting MPEG-2 packets, open loop transrating, and closed loop transrating. Time-shifting involves advancing or delaying packets to smooth out variable bitrates, while open loop transrating re-quantizes video frames without feedback. Closed loop transrating also re-quantizes but uses error detection and feedback loops to learn from previous frames and optimize re-quantization levels, allowing for greater bitrate reductions than open loop. These methods aim to more efficiently use bandwidth and enable network operators to provide more video services over existing infrastructure.
This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
The RS-232 interface is a standard for serial binary data interchange between devices. It allows up to 20 signals but only requires 3 wires: send data, receive data, and signal ground. Communication uses asynchronous transmission of start bits, data bits, optional parity bits, and stop bits. The standard connector has 25 pins but many signals are unnecessary for direct computer-terminal connections. RS-232 specifies voltage levels for logic 1 and 0 signals and establishes compatibility but not communication between compliant devices.
The document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and open architecture/interoperability issues. It provides details on:
1) International digital TV standards DVB-T, DVB-S, DVB-C and how STBs can receive all three signals with switchable front ends.
2) The DVB Common Interface standard which allows a STB to be interoperable across different networks using different conditional access systems via external modules.
3) The Multimedia Home Platform standard which seeks to create an open middleware based on Java, allowing for interoperable applications across networks.
This document specifies how to encapsulate MPEG-2 Transport Stream data within DAB MSC stream data sub-channels, including adding error protection. It describes using Reed-Solomon coding and interleaving to provide outer coding and error protection. The document references ETSI EN 300 401 for information on the DAB radio broadcasting system.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
digital_set_top_box2
1. Digital Set Top Box (STB)
- Open Architecture/Interoperability Issues
B.Sundareshan
( Consultant , Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited )
The DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) project group has developed a family of interrelated
international standards for digital television broadcasting via different transmission media. These
are DVB-T for digital terrestrial transmission, DVB – S for digital satellite transmission and DVB – C
for digital cable transmission.
A very significant feature of these standards is that all three of them have identical source
coding/compression and service multiplexing/transport sections. These two sections are based on
the internationally acclaimed MPEG – 2 standard. However channel coding/modulation part of
each of the three is optimized for the respective transmission media. Thus whereas satellite and
cable transmission are based on single carrier modulation schemes of QPSK and QAM, terrestrial
transmission uses a multicarrier modulation scheme called OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing).
Till such time integrated digital TV (IDTV) sets become cheaper, digital set top boxes will be
utilized in the home for the reception of all three signals. It is thus apparent that, the availability of
set top boxes at affordable prices is going to be the major factor which will ensure a fast take up of
these services in the country. By adopting the three above mentioned interrelated international
standards for digital transmission in India an important goal has been realized, that of ensuring
maximum commonality in the components used in the STBs for the three media, leading to an
overall decrease in the price of STBs arising from economics of scale.
Yet another important feature which will lead to a cost reduction of STBs is to make the STB, to the
extent possible to be based on an “Open Architecture” and also make it ‘ Interoperable’ across
different networks.
Before proceeding further it is necessary to explain to explain in some detail the two concepts of
‘Open Architecture’ and “Interoperability”. A STB can be considered to be a collection of a number
of small functional blocks or modules, with each module performing a well defined function. A
module can be composed of pure hardware or pure software or some combination of the two. An
architecture can be considered to be “Open” if and only if the functionality of each and every
module in that architecture is available in the public domain in the form of published international
standards or defacto industry standards. Put in another way a technique is generally called “Open”
if the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) and the technical information needed to implement,
compliant products is available under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRND) terms. IPR
holders are generally required to accept the FRND terms set by the recognized international
standardization bodies.
2. A STB is said to be interoperable if it can receive any service from any network. It is possible to
have such an interoperable STB. Before trying to answer this question, let us first take a closer
look at the STB architecture.
The diagram in figure – I below gives a simplified over view of the major components of a typical
STB.
CA
Module
MPEG 2 MPEG 2 Video
Tuner Demodulator
Broadcast TS AvV
Audio
DEMUX Decoder
QPSK,
QAM
Or OFDM)
Interactive Modem CPU User
Data (Telco or Input
Cable)
CPU
Memory
(RAM/ROM
etc)
Fig. 1 : Overview of STB Architecture
The STB selects the appropriate broadcast TV information by tuning to one of many input
channels. The signal is digitally modulated using Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) for satellite
applications, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for cable and Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for terrestrial. The information in the selected RF channel is then
processed by the demodulator to produce an MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) containing the audio,
video and other information that relates to the selected TV programme.
The STB generally also contains some form of modern to allow it to send and receive interactive
data. Conventional telecommunication modems are typically used in satellite and terrestrial STBs
while cable STBs generally have a cable modem. DOCSIS cable modems use QAM demodulator
for the downstream data whilst out-of-hand DAVIC cable modems use QPSK demodulator. In both
cases, a QPSK modulator is used to transmit the upstream data, though DOCSIS also have a 16
QAM mode.
3. In general, digital TV information in the MPEG-2 TS may be encrypted to present customers who
have not paid for a particular service from being able to view it. The MPEG demultiplexer selects
and decrypts the compressed audio and video for the particular programme that the viewer wishes
to watch, using decryption keys supplied by the Conditional Access Sub System (CASS). The
MPEG decoder then compresses the audio and video information for the selected programme.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) controls the whole operation and performs specific data
manipulation function. It generally uses a Real Time Operating System (RTOS) on top of a
hardware abstraction layer for the management of the resources and processes of the STB
directed by the higher level software.
It is thus obvious from this diagram that, the front-end, which contains the tuner and the
demodulator, will be different for the three transmission media. Hence if a STB is to be made
interoperable across all the three transmission media it should be fitted with switchable front ends.
Let us now turn our attention to the “CA Module” in the STB. Whenever an MPEG-2 TS carries
encrypted (Or scrambled) services, the TS also carries two types of messages called EMM
(Entertainment Management Message) and ECM (Entitlement Control Message). An EMM carries
a list of Pay TV services which the owner of that STB is entitled to view and also the date upto
which he is entitled to receive them. The ECM on the other hand carries a data element called
control word (CW), which is used by the ‘descrambler’ in the STB to descramble the picture and
make it intelligible again. Both these messages are carried in the TS in an ‘encrypted’ form.
Whereas DVB has standardized the scrambling algorithm (known as DVB common scrambling
algorithm, DVBCSA), algorithms used for ECM/EMM encryption are not standardized for obvious
reasons.
Thus the various DVB CSA compliant CA systems available in the market use different ECM/EMM
encryption algorithms. Thus the security of a given CA system depends primarily on the efficiency
of the algorithm used for ECM, EMM encryption. Such algorithms are closely guarded secret. The
CA module in the STB contains the relevant ECM, EMM decryption algorithm. Hence when the CA
module is embedded inside a STB it can no longer be considered to have an “Open Architecture”.
Further such an STB will not be interoperable across different networks which use different CA
systems. So the question is how to make a STB interoperable across different networks using
different CA systems. The answer is provided by DVB in the form of an international standard
called DVB Common Interface (DVB CI).
The diagram in fig – 2 shows the concept. In this case the STB contains only those elements that
are needed to receive “clear” broadcasts. The CA system is contained in an external module,
which communicates with the STB via the common interface connector provided on the STB. Thus
a STB fitted with the DVB CI connector is interoperable across different networks using different
CA systems, all that a user has to do is to get the plug-in CA modules from different service
providers. In the US, cable labs refer to these cards as Point of Development (POD) modules.
Let us now turn our attention to the different software layers in a STB. An operating system is the
most important piece of software in a STB. An OS is a suitable of programmes used to manage
the resources in a STB. In particular it is the OS, which talks to the STB hardware and manage
their functions such as scheduling real time tasks, managing limited memory resources, etc. A
STB OS is arranged in layers with each layer adding new capability. At the heart of any STB OS is
4. the “Kernel” layer, which is stored in ROM. Once the STB is powered up, the kernel will be loaded
first and remains in memory until the STB is powered down again. Typically the kernel is
DAB/MPEG Integrated
MPEG
Receiver/decoder (IRD) Picture
Video
Tuner Demodulator Decoder
Demux
MPEG -2 MPEG Sound
Transport Studio
stream decoder
Data
Validation SI On- screen
Command Decoder
Module Graphics
(optional) bus Receiver Remote
Operating System
DVB Common Interface
DVB CW
descrambler
Validation
(optional) Module
Operating
system
Data filters
(ECMs, EMMs)
Security
Processor
SMART card
optional
Proprietary
CA system
Fig.2 ; DVB Common Interface
Applications
Middleware
5. Operating
System Fig.3 ; Software Layers of a STB
Device Drivers
responsible for managing memory resources, real time applications and high-speed data
transmission. The kernel supports multi threading and multi tasking which allows a STB to execute
different sections of a program and different programmes simultaneously.
In addition to the kernel, a STB needs a ‘loader’ to enable the TV operator to upgrade ‘resident
applications’ or download ‘OS patches’ to STB. A resident application is a program or a number of
programs that are built into the memory of the STB.
The STB also requires ‘drivers’ to control the various hardware devices. Every hardware
component in the STB must have a driver. A driver is a program that translates commands from
the TV viewer to a format that is recognizable by the hardware device.
Finally a STB OS needs to incorporate a set of Application Programme Interfaces which are used
by the programmers to write high-level applications for a specific API. AN API is basically a set of
building blocks used by software developers to write programs that are specific to a STB OS
environment.
At present there is no standard STB OS. Many broadcasters and consumer electronic companies
are continuing to promote their own in-house solutions. Some of the available solutions are: Power
TV OS, Vx Works pSO System, Microware’s DAVID OS-9, Microxoft Windows CE etc.
Central to the new software architecture of a STB is a connection layer that acts as
communications bridge between the OS and the ‘subscriber applications’ called ‘Middleware’.
Middleware is a relatively new term in the set top business. It represents the logical abstraction of
the middle and upper layers of the communication software stack used in set top software and
communication system. Middleware is used to isolate set top application programs from the details
of the underlying hardware and network components. Thus set top applications can operate
transparently across a network without having to be concerned with the underlying network
protocols. This considerably reduces the complexity of content development because applications
can be written to take advantage of a common API.
The terms API (Application Programmers Interface) and middleware are sometimes
interchangeably used. The API is the standard environment that an application program expects
to see. The API itself consists of a set of well-defined and specified functions accessed using a
well defined and specified called mechanism. Early generation of STBs had no APIs but only a
very basic operating system. As costs have fallen and processing power has increased, more
recent STBs have included APIs. In order to progress beyond ordinary broadcasting to the new
emerging interactive services an API is essential. An Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) for
navigating across hundreds of channels of broadcasting also needs an API.
6. Finally a few words about the type of ‘applications’ which run in a STB. All the applications can
broadly be classified into two main categories Enhanced and Interactive.
An Enhanced TV application is the one which is based on ‘local interactivity’ and which does not
require a return path back to the service provider. As an example of this type of application,
consider a situation in which a broadcaster is transmitting pictures of a cricket match as a video
data stream in parallel with another stream carrying supplemental but related material such as
graphics containing player profiles, batting/bowling coverages etc. Using relatively simple
technology it would be possible for a viewer to call up this extra information on demand either as
an overlay or in a ‘window’. As for the viewer is concerned, this experience would be unique to the
viewer, but it would involve no signal being sent back to the broadcaster to obtain the extra data.
As opposed to this an interactive application is based on ‘two way interactivity’. Here the viewer
issues a request for extra information to the service provider, which travels along a return path and
the service provider sends the requested data back either via the return path itself or ‘over the air’.
What might be termed ‘low-level’ two way interactivity is demonstrated by a ‘pay per view’ service.
On the other hand ‘high-level’ two-way interactivity is characterized by a continuing two-way
exchange of data between the user and the service provider. A good example of this would be
calling up a home shopping application via the TV screen.
After this overview of the software architecture of a STB and the types of applications which could
be delivered it is now time to address the most important question “Can a STB be made
interoperable as regards its capability to receive and run enhanced/interactive applications
delivered over the different networks to which it may be connected?” The answer is yes provided
all the service providers agree upon a common open international standard for STB middleware.
To serve this purpose DVB has developed the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) standard.
Fig. 4 shows the MHP reference model. Basically it seeks to create an open middleware based
around a hierarchical Java based structure. Java’s major advantage are platform independence
and greater sophistication compared with other proprietary APIs. Java is also well established in
Internet applications.
Interoperable Interoperable …………… Interoperable Control
Application – 1 Application- 2 Application Application
API
System Software
Hardware and Software Resources
Fig.4 ; MHP Reference Model
7. In the case of MHP, the API is known as DVB JAVA API and the various interoperable
applications are authorized in JAVA. The system software incorporates a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM). The JVM is a program that interprets Java byte codes into machine code. JVM is a self
contained operating environment that behaves as if it is a separate computer within the digital STB.
A set-top Java application will run in any JVM, regardless of the underlying hardware platform and
RTOs.
Three main area of applications are identified.
1. Enhanced broadcasting with local interactivity
2. Interactive broadcasting using a return channel
3. Internet Access
Accordingly the three STB profiles are identified and the software has a hierarchical structure. At
the bottom of this hierarchy sits a profile for enhanced TV, the next level up contains this profile
and adds the required specifications for interactive TV and on top of that sits and Internet access
profile which contains the two below it adds IP and HTML compliant specifications.
In the last section of this paper, we take a close look at a cable digital STB that is based on the
concepts of open architecture and interoperability.
Open cable is a US cable industry initiative, which seeks to obtain and deploy a family of
interoperable advanced digital set top boxes from multiple vendors. Cablelabs is managing the
open cable specifications writing process on behalf of its cable operator members.
The open cable project has developed two key sets of specifications. One for hardware
components and one for software components.
The hardware specifications include specifications for a host device, a removable POD (Point of
deployment) module in the form of a PCMCIA card and a POD-HOST interface (see figure 5 and
6).
8. Cable
In
Multimedia
NTSC Processor
5 MHz
NTSC Coder
Main QAM ML/MP Graphics
OOB QPSK A/V Decoder Processor
QPSK
CP Decrypt
& Demux
CPU
OOB Tx 1394A+CP
CA Decrypt -User I/F
& CP (POD)
-STB
functions
DOCSIS
-Appns
Modem -VBI Decoder
Fig. 5 : Open Cable Digital STB ( Host) Architecture
9. POD
CA
Descramble
& Process
Content Protected Protected by
By Cable system POD-CP System
QPSK Tuner 1394 + CP
& Demodulator
QPSK Mod. MPEG2
& Xtmr. Demux &
Decoder
QAM Tuner CPU
& Demodulator User I/F
OS, Memory
Fig.6 : HOST-POD Interface
When the input channel is a digital channel it is processed via QAM demodulator and then passed
on to the POD module where secure and scrambled information is processed. The host also
receives control information and other data by tuning to an out of band (OOB) channel and passes
it to the POD for processing. The POD also processing the out of band upstream data.
The software component of the Open Cable project called Open Cable Application Platform
(OCAP) provides an open interface between the manufacturers operating system and the various
applications that will run within the host (See Fig 7). The OCAP API is based on the MHP standard
described earlier.
10. OCAP Application s
OCAP I/F PUR EPG Browser Misc
Base Line Open Cable
Native
Presentation Execution
Engine Bridge Engine
MSO Specific
rd
3 party
OCAP
Vendor Hardware
Network Protocols
Operating System
OCAP 1.0 released 12/2001
Hardware and Drivers
Fig.7 ; OCAP ( Open Cable Application Platform ) Architecture Overview